Məchul növ

Mübtədanın nə etdiyini bildirmək üçün məlum növdən istifadə edirik:

• My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1930.
• It's a big company. It employs two hundred people.

Mübtəda ilə nə baş verdiyini bildirmək üçün isə məchul növdən istifadə olunur:

• This house is quite old. It was built in 1930.
• Two hundred people are employed by the company.

Məchul növdən istifadə etdikdə hərəkəti törədən ya məlum deyil, ya da onun kim olduğu vacib deyil:

• A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (somebody stole it but we don't know who)
• Is this room cleaned every day? (does somebody clean it? - it's not important who)

Amma məchul növdə kimin hərəkəti törətdiyini bildirmək istəyiriksə, by ifadəsindən istifadə edirik:

• This house was built by my grandfather.
• Two hundred people are employed by the company.

Məchul növ bu formada düzəlir: be (is/was/have been etc.) the past participle (done/cleaned/seen etc.)

İndiki zamanda məchul növ:

• Many accidents are caused by careless driving.
• I'm not often invited to parties.
• How is this word pronounced?

Keçmiş zamanda məchul növ:

• We were woken up by a loud noise during the night.
• 'Did you go to the party?'   'No, I wasn't invited.'
• How much money was stolen?

Məsdər formasında məchul növ:

• The situation is serious. Something must be done before it's too late.
• A mystery is something that can't be explained.
• The music was very loud and could be heard from a long way away.
• A new supermarket is going to be built next year.
• Please go away. I want to be left alone.

Bitmiş zamanda məchul növ:

• I haven't received the letter yet. It might have been sent to the wrong address.
• If you hadn't left the car unlocked, it wouldn't have been stolen.
• There were some problems at first but they seem to have been solved.

• Have you heard the news? The President has been shot!
• Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
• 'Are you going to the party?'   'No, I haven't been invited.

Keçmiş bitmiş zamanda məchul növ:

• The vegetables didn't taste very good. They had been cooked for too long.
• The car was three years old but hadn't been used very much.

İndiki davamedici zamanda məchul növ:

• There's somebody walking behind us. I think we are being followed.
• (in a shop) 'Can I help you, madam?'   'No, thank you. I'm being served.'

Keçmiş davamedici zamanda məchul növ:

• There was somebody walking behind us. We were being followed.

I was born... (I am born - yox), keçmiş zamanda işlənir:

• I was born in Chicago.
• Where were you born? ('where are you born' - yox)

Amma bu hərəkətin davamlı olduğunu bildirmək üçün indiki zamandan istifadə olunur:

• How many babies are born every day?

• We gave  the police  the information. (= We gave the information to the police.)

Bu cür fellər olan cümlələrdən 2 formada məchul növ düzəltmək olar:

• The police were given the information.
• The information was given to the police.

Bu cür fellərə aiddir:   ask   offer   pay   show   teach   tell
Bu cür felləri məchul növdə işlədəndə bir qayda olaraq cümlələr şəxs bildirən sözlərlə başlanır:

• I was offered the job but I refused it. {= they offered me the job)
• You will be given plenty of time to decide. (= we will give you plenty of time)
• Have you been shown the new machine? (= has anybody shown you...?)
• The men were paid £200 to do the work. (= somebody paid the men £200)

I don't like being...
Doing/seeing və s. bu kimi fellərin məchul növü is being done / being seen şəklində düzəlir. Müqayisə edin:

Məlum növ :  I don't like people telling me what to do.
Məchul növ: I don't like being told what to do.

• I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday. (= I remember somebody giving me a toy drum...)
• Mr Miller hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting)
• We managed to climb over the wall without being seen. (= ...without anybody seeing us)

Get
Bəzən məchul növdə be felinin əvəzində get felindən istifadə edə bilərsiniz:

• There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt)
• I don't often get invited to parties. (= I'm not often invited)
• I'm surprised Ann didn't get offered the job. (...Ann wasn't offered the job)

Get felindən kiminsə və ya nəyinsə başına nəsə gəldiyini bildirmək üçün istifadə edə bilərsiniz, xüsusən də əgər bu planlaşdırılmamış və gözlənilməzdirsə:

• Our dog got run over by a car.

Get felindən yalnız nəsə baş verəndə və ya dəyişəndə istifadə edə bilərsiniz. Məsələn, aşağıdakı cümlələrdə get felindən istifadə etmək olmaz:

• Jill is liked by everybody. (not 'gets liked' - this is not a 'happening')
• He was a mystery man. Nothing was known about him. (not 'got known')

Get felindən bir qayda olaraq qeyri-rəsmi danışıqda istifadə edirik. Be felindən isə bütün hallarda istifadə etmək olar.
Get felindən həmçinin aşağıdakı ifadələrdə istifadə edirik (bu ifadələr məna baxımından məchul deyillər):

• get married  
• get divorced
• get dressed (= put on your clothes)  
• get changed (= change your clothes)

Aşağıdakı misallarda məchul zamanın düzəldilməsinin digər bir formasına baxaq:

Henry is very old. Nobody knows exactly how old he is, but:

• It is said that he is 108 years old.
• He is said to be 108 years old.

Both these sentences mean: 'People say that he is 108 years old.'

Bu formadan bir sıra başqa fellərdə də istifadə edə bilərsiniz, xüsusən: thought, believed, considered, reported, known, expected, alleged, understood.

Aşağıdakı cümlələri müqayisə edin:

• Cathy works very hard.
  It is said that she works 16 hours a day. və ya She is said to work 16 hours a day.
• The police are looking for a missing boy.
  It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans. və ya The boy is believed to be wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.
• The strike started three weeks ago.
  It is expected that it will end soon. və ya The strike is expected to end soon.
• A friend of mine has been arrested.
  It is alleged that he kicked a policeman. və ya He is alleged to have kicked a policeman.
• Those two houses belong to the same family.
  It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them. və ya There is said to be a secret tunnel between them.
  

Bu cür formadan bir qayda olaraq xəbərlərdə istifadə olunur. Məsələn:

• It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion.
• Two people are reported to have been injured in the explosion.

(Be) supposed to
Bəzən it is supposed to... = it is said to...:

• Let's go and see that film. It's supposed to be very good. (= it is said to be very good)
• 'Why was he arrested?'   'He's supposed to have kicked a policeman.' (= he is said to have kicked a policeman)

Amma bəzən supposed to ifadəsinin fərqli mənası var. 'Something is supposed to happen' = it is planned, arranged or expected. Çox zaman bu həqiqətdə baş verəndən fərqlidir:

• I'd better hurry. It's nearly 8 o'clock and I'm supposed to be meeting Ann at 8.15. (= I have arranged to meet Ann, I said I would meet her)
• The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late. (= the train was expected to arrive at 11.30 according to the timetable)
• You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?

'You're not supposed to do something' = bunu etmək qadağandır və ya məsləhət görülmür:

• You're not supposed to park your car here. It's private parking only.
• Mr Bond is much better after his illness but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work. (= his doctors have advised him not to...)

Aşağıdakı misala baxaq:

The roof of Jill's house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for somebody to repair it. Yesterday a workman came and did the job.
Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.
This means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn't repair it herself.

Have something done ifadəsindən kiminsə bizim üçün nə isə etməsini təşkil etdiyini bildirmək üçün işlədirik. Müqayisə edin:

• Jill repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself)
• Jill had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to repair it)
  
  Bu misallara da baxaq:

• Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?
• 'Are you going to repair the car yourself?'   'No, I'm going to have it repaired.'

Söz sırasını qurarkən diqqətli olun . Past participle (repaired/cut etc.) tamamlıqdan sonra gəlir (the roof/ your hair etc.):

Həmçinin 'get something done' ifadəsini 'have something done' ifadəsinin əvəzində işlədə bilərsiniz (bir qayda olaraq qeyri-rəsmi danışıqda):

• When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof repaired)
• I think you should get your hair cut.

Bəzən have something done fərqli məna daşıyır. Məsələn:

• Jill and Eric had all their money stolen while they were on holiday.(Of course this does not mean that they arranged for somebody to steal their money. 'They had all their money stolen' means only: 'All their money was stolen from them.')

Bu mənada have something done ifadəsindən kiməsə və ya kiminsə mülkiyyətinə nəsə baş verdiyini bildirmək üçün istifadə edirik. Çox zaman bu baş verən xoş hadisə olmur:

• George had his nose broken in a fight.
• Have you ever had your passport stolen?